雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)災(zai)害(hai)是(shi)(shi)客觀存在(zai)(zai)的(de)自然災(zai)害(hai)，有(you)史以來雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)給人類的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活、工(gong)作帶來很大(da)的(de)影響(xiang)。雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)災(zai)可以分為直(zhi)(zhi)接雷(lei)(lei)擊(ji)(ji)和(he)間(jian)(jian)接雷(lei)(lei)擊(ji)(ji)兩種。直(zhi)(zhi)擊(ji)(ji)雷(lei)(lei)是(shi)(shi)雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)直(zhi)(zhi)接擊(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)物(wu)體(ti)上，產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效應(ying)、熱效應(ying)和(he)機械力(li)，直(zhi)(zhi)接雷(lei)(lei)的(de)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)強電(dian)(dian)(dian)流對地面(mian)物(wu)體(ti)造成(cheng)巨大(da)的(de)破(po)壞。間(jian)(jian)接雷(lei)(lei)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)應(ying)和(he)雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)波(bo)侵入(ru)。雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)應(ying)是(shi)(shi)雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)(zai)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，在(zai)(zai)附(fu)近導(dao)體(ti)上產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)應(ying)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)應(ying)，并(bing)可能使金(jin)屬(shu)部件之間(jian)(jian)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)火(huo)花。雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)波(bo)侵入(ru)是(shi)(shi)雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)強烈電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)脈(mo)沖(chong)，在(zai)(zai)金(jin)屬(shu)管(guan)道的(de)導(dao)線(xian)上感(gan)應(ying)出強大(da)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)脈(mo)沖(chong)，雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓波(bo)可能沿著(zhu)架空線(xian)路或(huo)(huo)金(jin)屬(shu)管(guan)道侵入(ru)屋(wu)內，危及(ji)人身安全或(huo)(huo)損壞儀器設備。雷(lei)(lei)擊(ji)(ji)釋放的(de)強大(da)的(de)瞬間(jian)(jian)脈(mo)沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)巨大(da)的(de)熱能、機械能并(bing)誘發脈(mo)沖(chong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，造成(cheng)建(jian)筑物(wu)倒塌、起(qi)火(huo)，人員傷亡，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備的(de)工(gong)作失靈(ling)或(huo)(huo)損壞，通信(xin)中斷，系統(tong)癱(tan)瘓等(deng)嚴(yan)重后(hou)果，甚(shen)至(zhi)會危及(ji)人生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)安全，對于生(sheng)(sheng)命和(he)財產(chan)構成(cheng)威脅。

       為了保護(hu)(hu)建筑物和建筑物內各類設備不受雷電損(sun)害(hai)或使(shi)雷擊損(sun)害(hai)降(jiang)到最低程度，現(xian)在(zai)都采(cai)取綜合防(fang)雷的(de)形式。而現(xian)代綜合防(fang)雷一套(tao)完整的(de)防(fang)雷設計(ji)方案應包括兩(liang)個方面：直接雷擊的(de)防(fang)護(hu)(hu)和感應雷擊的(de)防(fang)護(hu)(hu)。缺少任何一方面都是不完整的(de)、有缺陷(xian)的(de)和有潛在(zai)危險的(de)。在(zai)GB50057—94《建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)防(fang)(fang)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)設(she)(she)計規(gui)范》里，對雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)已有(you)明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定，直接雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)擊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)主要使(shi)用避雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)針(zhen)、網(wang)、帶及良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接地(di)系(xi)統，其目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)不受(shou)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)擊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)破壞(huai)，給建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人或設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)提供一(yi)(yi)個相對安全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境。感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)擊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)主要是(shi)(shi)(shi)采取各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)積極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)措(cuo)(cuo)施，堵塞感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖損(sun)壞(huai)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)途徑，即使(shi)用各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)相應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)避雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)材。目前，計算機網(wang)絡和(he)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統等(deng)(deng)弱電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)發生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)害，其感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖損(sun)壞(huai)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)途徑主要有(you)三種(zhong)。一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由供電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)、信號線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)等(deng)(deng)由各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)傳導進(jin)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖損(sun)壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。傳導性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)擊防(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)主要使(shi)用各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)相應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)避雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)，把電(dian)(dian)(dian)源線(xian)(xian)(xian)、信號線(xian)(xian)(xian)感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖（過電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)(deng)）進(jin)行(xing)限壓(ya)(ya)分流。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)從各(ge)(ge)接地(di)系(xi)統之(zhi)間因(yin)沒有(you)足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)距離(li)通過地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)反擊，造(zao)成設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)損(sun)壞(huai)，解決辦法是(shi)(shi)(shi)將各(ge)(ge)自分離(li)而又不足(zu)安全(quan)距離(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)極改為合設(she)(she)接地(di)體。第三是(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)擺放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置、信號線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敷(fu)設(she)(she)方(fang)式、機房(fang)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)措(cuo)(cuo)施等(deng)(deng)因(yin)素，使(shi)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)不能抵抗因(yin)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)云的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)所(suo)產(chan)生(sheng)強烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁輻射而損(sun)壞(huai)，最佳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解決辦法是(shi)(shi)(shi)采取電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁屏蔽措(cuo)(cuo)施，甚(shen)至整個機房(fang)采用無(wu)間隙屏蔽同時(shi)，設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)擺放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置、信號線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敷(fu)設(she)(she)方(fang)式、機房(fang)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)措(cuo)(cuo)施、各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)接地(di)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處理等(deng)(deng)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)至關重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)環。