機房建設-雷害防護應該怎么做？
發布時間：2020-02-21 瀏覽量：1782
雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)災(zai)害(hai)是客(ke)觀存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)自然災(zai)害(hai)，有史以(yi)來雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)給人類的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)、工作(zuo)帶來很大的(de)(de)(de)影響。雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)災(zai)可以(yi)分為直接(jie)雷(lei)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)間接(jie)雷(lei)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)兩種(zhong)。直擊(ji)(ji)(ji)雷(lei)是雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)直接(jie)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)物體(ti)上(shang)，產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效應、熱效應和(he)(he)機械(xie)力，直接(jie)雷(lei)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)(he)強電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流對地面物體(ti)造成(cheng)巨大的(de)(de)(de)破(po)壞。間接(jie)雷(lei)主要是雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)應和(he)(he)雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波(bo)(bo)侵(qin)入。雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)應是雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，在(zai)附近(jin)導體(ti)上(shang)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)應和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)應，并可能使金(jin)屬(shu)部(bu)件之間產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)火花。雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波(bo)(bo)侵(qin)入是雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)強烈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)脈(mo)沖(chong)，在(zai)金(jin)屬(shu)管道的(de)(de)(de)導線上(shang)感(gan)應出強大的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)脈(mo)沖(chong)，雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓波(bo)(bo)可能沿著(zhu)架空線路或(huo)金(jin)屬(shu)管道侵(qin)入屋(wu)內，危(wei)及人身安(an)全(quan)或(huo)損壞儀器(qi)設備。雷(lei)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)釋(shi)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)強大的(de)(de)(de)瞬間脈(mo)沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)巨大的(de)(de)(de)熱能、機械(xie)能并誘(you)發脈(mo)沖(chong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，造成(cheng)建(jian)筑物倒塌、起火，人員(yuan)傷亡，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)失靈或(huo)損壞，通信(xin)中(zhong)斷，系統癱瘓等嚴重后果(guo)，甚至會(hui)危(wei)及人生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)，對于生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)和(he)(he)財(cai)產(chan)構成(cheng)威(wei)脅。
雷擊主要有兩種(zhong)形式：其一，雷(lei)(lei)電直接(jie)擊在建筑物（或物體）上，產生電效應、熱效應和機械力(li)，稱之為直接(jie)雷(lei)(lei)擊。
其二(er)，在雷云運(yun)動(dong)的過程中或(huo)(huo)雷云對大地（或(huo)(huo)云際(ji)之間）放電(dian)時，對附近的金屬導體產生的靜(jing)電(dian)感(gan)應和電(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)應，在電(dian)源線(xian)及各種(zhong)信號線(xian)上(shang)感(gan)生高(gao)壓脈(mo)沖而破壞弱電(dian)設備，稱(cheng)之為感(gan)應雷擊。
那(nei)我們應該怎樣雷害防(fang)護呢(ni)？
為了保護建筑物和建筑物內各類設備不受雷電損害或使雷擊損害降到最低程度，現在都采取綜合防雷的形式。而現代綜合防雷一套完整的防雷設計方案應包括兩個方面：直接雷擊的防護和感應雷擊的防護。缺少任何一方面都是不完整的、有缺陷的和有潛在危險的。在GB50057—94《建筑物(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)雷(lei)(lei)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)規(gui)范》里，對(dui)雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)護已有(you)明確的(de)(de)規(gui)定，直接(jie)雷(lei)(lei)擊的(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)護主(zhu)要使(shi)用(yong)避雷(lei)(lei)針、網、帶及良好的(de)(de)接(jie)地系(xi)(xi)統，其目的(de)(de)是(shi)保護建筑物(wu)不受雷(lei)(lei)擊的(de)(de)破壞(huai)，給建筑物(wu)內的(de)(de)人或設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)提供一個相(xiang)對(dui)安全的(de)(de)環(huan)境。感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)擊的(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)護主(zhu)要是(shi)采取各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)積極(ji)的(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)護措施，堵塞(sai)感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)損壞(huai)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)途徑，即使(shi)用(yong)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)避雷(lei)(lei)器材。目前，計(ji)算機網絡和各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)控制系(xi)(xi)統等(deng)弱電(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)發生(sheng)的(de)(de)雷(lei)(lei)害，其感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)高(gao)(gao)壓脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)損壞(huai)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)途徑主(zhu)要有(you)三種(zhong)(zhong)。一是(shi)由供電(dian)(dian)線路、信號(hao)線路和控制線路等(deng)由各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)線路傳(chuan)導(dao)(dao)進來(lai)的(de)(de)感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)高(gao)(gao)壓脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)。傳(chuan)導(dao)(dao)性的(de)(de)感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)擊防(fang)(fang)(fang)護主(zhu)要使(shi)用(yong)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)避雷(lei)(lei)器，把電(dian)(dian)源線、信號(hao)線感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)高(gao)(gao)壓脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)（過電(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)）進行限(xian)壓分流(liu)。
二是(shi)從各接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)系統之間(jian)因(yin)沒(mei)有足夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)安全距離(li)(li)(li)通過(guo)地(di)電位(wei)反(fan)擊(ji)，造成設(she)備(bei)損壞，解決辦法是(shi)將(jiang)各自分離(li)(li)(li)而(er)又不足安全距離(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)極改為(wei)合設(she)接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)體。第(di)三是(shi)設(she)備(bei)擺(bai)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)、信號線(xian)路(lu)和(he)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)敷設(she)方式、機房(fang)靜(jing)電防護(hu)措(cuo)施(shi)等因(yin)素(su)，使(shi)設(she)備(bei)不能抵(di)抗因(yin)雷云的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)電過(guo)程(cheng)所產生強烈的(de)(de)(de)電磁輻射而(er)損壞，最佳的(de)(de)(de)解決辦法是(shi)采取電磁屏(ping)蔽(bi)措(cuo)施(shi)，甚至整(zheng)個機房(fang)采用(yong)無間(jian)隙屏(ping)蔽(bi)同(tong)時(shi)，設(she)備(bei)擺(bai)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)、信號線(xian)路(lu)和(he)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)敷設(she)方式、機房(fang)靜(jing)電防護(hu)措(cuo)施(shi)、各種(zhong)接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)系統的(de)(de)(de)處(chu)理等都是(shi)至關重要的(de)(de)(de)一環。
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